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US Says Wiretap Program Will Now Require Court Approval_More Trouble for Somalia 2007-10-24 22:19:26 This week - new developments in two stories we reported on last year.In August, a federal judge tried to stop what the Bush administration calls the Terrorist Surveillance Program. A presidential order let the National Security Agency read e-mails and listen to calls to or from al-Qaida suspects in the United States without a court order.The judge in Detroit said the program violated rights of free speech and privacy. She ruled it unconstitutional and in violation of a federal intelligence law.In October, an appeals court said the government could continue the program while it appealed the ruling.But this week the administration said it has ended the use of surveillance without court approval. It says the program now operates under rules prepared by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.Democrats, newly in control of Congress, praised the move but said it should have happened sooner. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont said there are still questions about exactly how the program wil ...

Money Talks : Everything Else Walks 2007-10-24 22:17:36 People often say that money talks. They mean that a person with a lot of money can say how he or she wants things done. But it is not easy to earn enough money to gain this kind of power.Ask anyone in a business. They will tell you that it is a jungle out there. The expression probably began because the jungle is filled with wild animals and unknown dangers that threaten people. Sometimes people in business feel competing businesses are as dangerous as wild animals. And they feel that unknown dangers in the business world threaten the survival of their business.People in business have to be careful if they are to survive the jungle out there. They must not be led into making bogus investments. Bogus means something that is not real.Nobody is sure how the word got started. But it began to appear in American newspapers in the eighteen hundreds. A newspaper in Boston, Massachusetts, said the word came from a criminal whose name was Borghese. The newspaper said Borghese wrote checks to peo ...

'FabLabs' Help Communities Design Their Own Solutions 2007-10-24 22:15:30 Imagine a world without manufacturers. Or at least not as we now think of them. Instead, we as individuals control the technology to design and make most anything we want.That world exists now in the mind of Neil Gershenfeld. Professor Gershenfeld is a computer scientist and physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He directs the Center for Bits and Atoms at M.I.T.The center is exploring the relationship between computer science and physical science. The work is receiving financial support from the National Science Foundation.Neil Gershenfeld wants to help developing countries create technological tools to solve their own problems. He says this is one way to bring the results of the digital revolution to the developing world.And many of those solutions might come out of personal fabrication laboratories - or "FabLabs." So far the center has set up about fifteen of these laboratories around the world.Each FabLab comes equipped with about twenty thousand dollars' worth of ... Design

Jewelry Making Through the Ages : Ancient Artistry Meets a Modern Eye 2007-10-24 20:21:20 At the Torpedo Factory Art Center in Alexandria, Virginia, you can see the work of jewelry designer Susan Sanders. Her many gold and silver designs have a clean and modern look.One of her silver rings has a bold geometric design with small smooth stones inlayed into the metal.How did she make this ring? Today we answer this question as we explore the history and methods of jewelry design.People from almost all cultures throughout history have been making and wearing jewelry. Jewelry is valued for its visual quality, the richness of its materials and the expert way it is made. Since ancient times people have worn jewelry like rings, bracelets and necklaces to decorate their fingers, wrists and necks.Ancient peoples who lived near the ocean used the shells of sea creatures to make jewelry. Other ancient peoples used materials like small colored rocks and animal bones and teeth. Jewelry often was made from whatever material was considered rare and costly. It expressed the wealth and socia ...

Move Away From Rural Life Puts Pressure on Cities, Environment 2007-10-24 20:21:06 Fifty years ago, most people lived in rural areas. But the world has changed. By some point next year, more than half of all people will live in cities, for the first time in history. So says the most recent estimate from the United Nations.Of the three billion people who live in cities now, the report says, about one billion live in unplanned settlements. These are areas of poverty, slums, that generally lack basic services like clean water, or even permanent housing.The report says more than sixty million people are added to cities and surrounding areas each year, mostly in slums in developing countries.Molly O'Meara Sheehan led the Worldwatch report. She says the international community has been too slow to recognize the growth of urban poverty. Policymakers, she says, need to increase investments in education, health care and other areas.The report talks about some successful efforts by local governments and community groups. For example, it says Freetown, Sierra Leone, has establ ...

Childhood Health : Life in a 'Germ Factory' 2007-10-24 20:20:54 A mother in Tamil Nadu, India, recently had a question for our new series on children and parenting. This woman in Tuticorin has a son who is almost three years old. He attends a pre-kindergarten school. She wonders why he often suffers from a blocked or leaky nose and a cough. Along with these, he gets a temperature of thirty-eight and three-tenths degrees Celsius.Of course, the only advice we can give our listeners is to ask a medical professional about any conditions. But this is a good chance to talk about young children in group settings. There is a reason why schools and child care centers are known as germ factories.Children can come in contact with all sorts of bacteria, viruses and other organisms as they share toys, toilets and towels. Some will make them sick, others are harmless.Good hand washing is an important way to reduce the spread of infections. Caregivers should also be trained in ways to clean, sanitize and disinfect. The Web site for the National Resource Center fo ... Health

Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Snow 2007-10-24 20:20:29 Today, we tell you everything you ever wanted to know about snow.Winter weather has returned to northern areas of the world. In much of the United States, winter means the return of snow. Snow is a subject of great interest to weather experts. Experts sometimes have difficulty estimating where, when or how much snow will fall. One reason is that heavy amounts of snow fall in surprisingly small areas. Another reason is that a small change in temperature can mean the difference between snow and rain.Snow is a form of frozen water. It contains many groups of tiny ice particles called snow crystals. These crystals grow from water particles in cold clouds. They usually grow around a piece of dust. All snow crystals have six sides, but they grow in different shapes. The shape depends mainly on the temperature and water levels in the air.Snow crystals grow in one of two designs -- platelike and columnar. Platelike crystals are flat. They form when the air temperature is about fifteen degrees ...

Researchers Say Vitamin D Might Protect Against Multiple Sclerosis 2007-10-23 21:21:46 In recent years, research has suggested more health value from vitamin D than had once been thought.Vitamin D is produced naturally in the blood. Sunlight is a major source. It is also found in some foods. These include eggs, liver and some fish. Vitamin D is also found in pills. Vitamin D helps to increase levels of calcium in the blood. It helps build strong bones and teeth. It also helps in muscle development.It also appears to do more than just protect against rickets. That serious bone disease was the reason vitamin D was added to milk. Rickets is now rare in the western world. But it is still a common childhood disease in developing countries. Rickets can cause bone pain and weakness, teeth problems and muscle loss.Now researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston say vitamin D might protect against multiple sclerosis, also called MS.MS is a progressive disease of the central nervous system that affects about two million people around the world. There is no cure. M ... Vitamin

For Foreign Students in US, Financial Aid Is Limited 2007-10-23 21:11:39 Financial aid is the subject this week in our Foreign Student Series on higher education in the United States.Students who want to study in the United States may find that their chances for financial aid are limited. They often have to pay for their education with their own savings or their family's money.A recent report from the Institute of International Education in New York looked at the two thousand five-two thousand six school year :Colleges and universities in the United States had more than half a million foreign students. Sixty-three percent of them paid for school mostly by themselves or with family help. Twenty-six percent were supported by the school they attended.There are other sources of financial aid for international students. These include a student's home government or university, or the United States government. Private sponsors, international organizations and employers may also provide support.Yet during the last school year, not many students were able to depen ...

First Trans - Atlantic Stock Market Aims for Early '07 Launch 2007-10-23 21:08:52 The NYSE Group and Euronext hope to create the world's largest financial exchange group by the end of March. Their shareholders voted last month to approve a plan to combine the two exchange operators.The proposed fourteen billion dollar deal will create the first trans-Atlantic stock exchange. American and European government officials must still approve the merger plan.The new group, to be called NYSE Euronext, will have a combined market value of about twenty-seven billion dollars. The deal has been developing since June.The New York Stock Exchange is the world's biggest stock market. Euronext is Europe's leading international exchange. It operates the stock markets in Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon and Paris. Germany's Deutsche Borse withdrew its own offer for Euronext in November.Financial markets have grown increasingly international and competitive. The planned merger of Euronext and the NYSE Group is a good example of this new climate.Euronext is itself the product of mergers. ...

Stock Market: The Business of Investing 2007-10-23 21:06:27 Today we tell about some American expressions that are commonly used in business.Bells sound. Lighted messages appear. Men and women work at computers. They talk on the telephone. At times they shout and run around.This noisy place is a stock exchange. Here expert salespeople called brokers buy and sell shares of companies. The shares are known as stocks. People who own stock in a company, own part of that company.People pay brokers to buy and sell stocks for them. If a company earns money, its stock increases in value. If the company does not earn money, the stock decreases in value.Brokers and investors carefully watch for any changes on the Big Board. That is the name given to a list of stocks sold on the New York Stock Exchange.The first written use of the word with that meaning was in a newspaper in Illinois in eighteen thirty-seven. It said: "The sales on the board were one thousand seven hundred dollars in American gold."Investors and brokers watch the Big Board to see if the st ...

Jane Jacobs, 1916-2006 : Her Activism Helped Shape the Look and Feel of Cities 2007-10-23 20:45:16 Today we tell about Jane Jacobs. She was an activist for improving cities.Jane Jacobs was an activist, writer, moral thinker and economist. She believed cities should be densely populated and full of different kinds of people and activities. She believed in the value of natural growth and big open spaces.She opposed the kind of city planning that involves big development and urban renewal projects that tear down old communities. She was also a critic of public planning officials who were unwilling to compromise.Jacobs helped lead fights to save neighborhoods and local communities within cities. She helped stop major highways from being built, first in New York City and later in Toronto, Canada.Developers and city planners often criticized her ideas. Yet, many urban planning experts agree that her work helped shape modern thinking about cities.Jane Butzner was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in nineteen sixteen. Her father was a doctor. Her mother was a former teacher and nurse. After g ...

US Agency Says Cloned Animals Safe to Eat 2007-10-23 20:39:39 The United States government wants to know what the public thinks about its findings on the safety of cloned animals.The Food and Drug Administration says meat and milk from clones of adult cattle, pigs and goats are safe to eat. An F.D.A. official called them "as safe to eat as the food we eat every day."And when those clones reproduce sexually, the agency says, their offspring are safe to eat as well. But research on cloned sheep is limited. So the F.D.A. proposes that sheep clones not be used for human food.The United States this year could become the first country to approve the sale of foods from cloned animals.First, however, the public will have ninety days to comment on three proposed documents. On December twenty-eighth the F.D.A. released a long report, called a draft risk assessment, along with two policy documents.The agency says it must receive comments by April second. The F.D.A. seemed ready to act several years ago, but an advisory committee called for more research.For ...

Investing in Businesses - That Invest in the Poor 2007-10-23 20:38:52 In Pakistan, a company called Saiban creates housing communities for the poor. About thirty percent of the country's population is estimated to live in unplanned settlements without legal right to the land.Saiban buys land, then sells pieces of it to families to build houses. Roads, water and electricity are provided.In India, a small company makes and sells low-cost drip irrigation systems to poor farmers. IDE-India spent seven years researching and developing the equipment. More than seventy-five thousand have been sold.Both Saiban and IDE-India operate thanks to the Acumen Fund. This nonprofit organization in New York helps people in developing countries build businesses to help the poor.The Acumen Fund provides loans, equity investments and grants to entrepreneurs and existing businesses. It operates like a venture capital organization.Acumen works with local companies to create business plans for their goods and services. Then it guides them through the marketing and production p ...

Sharks and People : Guess Which Is More a Danger to the Other 2007-10-23 20:32:56 On our program this week, we tell about sharks. They are among the oldest animals on Earth.Not long ago, Kyle Gruen was swimming near the Hawaiian island of Maui when he felt something bite him. Mister Gruen was wearing special eyeglasses for use in water. He could see his attacker. It was a purple and gray shark.The twenty-nine-year old Canadian was wounded on his left upper leg and hand. But he turned and pushed away the shark with his other foot. He watched the blood flow from his body as he swam away.Others hurried to help Mister Gruen. Soon the Canadian man was in a hospital operating room, having his injuries repaired.Before leaving the hospital, Mister Gruen had a visit from Nicolette Raleigh. A shark had bitten Miz Raleigh earlier near Maui. The shark struck the fifteen-year-old girl as she stood in water only about a half-meter deep. She suffered a serious wound in her right leg.Like Mister Gruen, she needed an operation. But she has recovered. Shortly after his operation, Kyl ...